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基于 Kubernetes 的 Jenkins 服务也可以去 Docker 了

 ·  ☕ 6 分钟

从原理上看,在 Kubernetes 集群中,Jenkins 都可以使用 Podman 进行镜像构建,本文主要以 Containerd 为例。

1. 去 Docker 给 CICD 带来新的挑战

在 CICD 场景下, 我们经常需要在流水线中构建和推送镜像。

在之前的文档 《在 Kubernetes 上动态创建 Jenkins Slave》 中, 我描述了通过挂载 /var/run/docker.sock 文件, 允许在 Docker 驱动的 Kubernetes 集群中构建和推送镜像。在文档 《如何在 Docker 中使用 Docker》中, 我又进行了更加详细地阐述, 其原理是共享主机 Docker Daemon。

在 1.20 版本之后, Kubernetes 社区放弃了对 Docker 的支持, 而后又有其他社区接手, 隐约给 Docker 蒙上了一层阴影。在这样的背景下, 我们开始考虑非 Docker 环境下, 如何进行 CICD 实践。

非 Docker 环境意味着之前挂载 /var/run/docker.sock 的方式失效了, 我们需要寻找新的解决方案。

2. 测试集群环境

2.1 Kubernetes - 1.17.9

执行如下命令, 查看 Kubernetes 版本:

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kubectl version

Client Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"17", GitVersion:"v1.17.9", GitCommit:"4fb7ed12476d57b8437ada90b4f93b17ffaeed99", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2020-07-15T16:18:16Z", GoVersion:"go1.13.9", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}
Server Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"17", GitVersion:"v1.17.9", GitCommit:"4fb7ed12476d57b8437ada90b4f93b17ffaeed99", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2020-07-15T16:10:45Z", GoVersion:"go1.13.9", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}

2.2 Containerd - 1.4.3

执行如下命令, 查看 containerd 版本:

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containerd --version

containerd github.com/containerd/containerd v1.4.3 269548fa27e0089a8b8278fc4fc781d7f65a939b

3. 镜像管理工具 Podman

由于 Containerd 不支持 Docker API, 常见的 docker builddocker push 等命令在 Containerd 环境下无法使用。因此, 需要一种不依赖于 Docker, 针对 OCI 标准的镜像构建和推送工具。

3.1 Podman 简介

Podman 是一个实现 OCI 标准的容器和镜像管理工具, 同时也是 Daemonless, 不需要守护进程, 也支持非特权用户使用。Podman 提供了类似 Docker CLI 的功能, 大部分情况下可以执行 alias docker=podman 使用 Podman 替换 Docker , 而不会有任何问题。

3.2 Podman 安装

  • 安装 Podman 命令行工具

安装方法可以参考 Podman 的安装指引。这里以 CentOS 7 为例:

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curl -L -o /etc/yum.repos.d/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.repo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable/CentOS_7/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.repo
yum -y install podman
  • 查看 Podman 版本
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podman --version

podman version 3.0.1
  • 查看命令参数

这里为了方便查阅, 贴出完整的帮助文档。

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podman --help
manage pods and images

Usage:
  podman [flags]
  podman [command]

Available Commands:
  attach      Attach to a running container
  build       Build an image using instructions from Containerfiles
  commit      Create new image based on the changed container
  container   Manage Containers
  cp          Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem
  create      Create but do not start a container
  diff        Inspect changes on container's file systems
  events      Show podman events
  exec        Run a process in a running container
  export      Export container's filesystem contents as a tar archive
  generate    Generated structured data
  healthcheck Manage Healthcheck
  help        Help about any command
  history     Show history of a specified image
  image       Manage images
  images      List images in local storage
  import      Import a tarball to create a filesystem image
  info        Display podman system information
  init        Initialize one or more containers
  inspect     Display the configuration of a container or image
  kill        Kill one or more running containers with a specific signal
  load        Load an image from container archive
  login       Login to a container registry
  logout      Logout of a container registry
  logs        Fetch the logs of a container
  mount       Mount a working container's root filesystem
  network     Manage Networks
  pause       Pause all the processes in one or more containers
  play        Play a pod
  pod         Manage pods
  port        List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container
  ps          List containers
  pull        Pull an image from a registry
  push        Push an image to a specified destination
  restart     Restart one or more containers
  rm          Remove one or more containers
  rmi         Removes one or more images from local storage
  run         Run a command in a new container
  save        Save image to an archive
  search      Search registry for image
  start       Start one or more containers
  stats       Display a live stream of container resource usage statistics
  stop        Stop one or more containers
  system      Manage podman
  tag         Add an additional name to a local image
  top         Display the running processes of a container
  umount      Unmounts working container's root filesystem
  unpause     Unpause the processes in one or more containers
  unshare     Run a command in a modified user namespace
  varlink     Run varlink interface
  version     Display the Podman Version Information
  volume      Manage volumes
  wait        Block on one or more containers

Flags:
      --cgroup-manager string     Cgroup manager to use (cgroupfs or systemd) (default "systemd")
      --cni-config-dir string     Path of the configuration directory for CNI networks
      --config string             Path of a libpod config file detailing container server configuration options
      --conmon string             Path of the conmon binary
      --cpu-profile string        Path for the cpu profiling results
      --events-backend string     Events backend to use
      --help                      Help for podman
      --hooks-dir strings         Set the OCI hooks directory path (may be set multiple times)
      --log-level string          Log messages above specified level: debug, info, warn, error, fatal or panic (default "error")
      --namespace string          Set the libpod namespace, used to create separate views of the containers and pods on the system
      --network-cmd-path string   Path to the command for configuring the network
      --root string               Path to the root directory in which data, including images, is stored
      --runroot string            Path to the 'run directory' where all state information is stored
      --runtime string            Path to the OCI-compatible binary used to run containers, default is /usr/bin/runc
      --storage-driver string     Select which storage driver is used to manage storage of images and containers (default is overlay)
      --storage-opt stringArray   Used to pass an option to the storage driver
      --syslog                    Output logging information to syslog as well as the console
      --tmpdir string             Path to the tmp directory
      --trace                     Enable opentracing output
  -v, --version                   Version of podman

Use "podman [command] --help" for more information about a command.

Podman 在覆盖 Docker 命令的同时,增加了对 Pod 操作的支持。

3.3 主机上测试编译并推送镜像

在使用上可以直接将 docker 命令替换为 podman 即可。

  • 编译镜像
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echo -e 'FROM busybox\nRUN echo "hello world"' | podman build -t docker.io/shaowenchen/myimage:latest -

STEP 1: FROM busybox
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob 5c4213be9af9 done
Copying config 491198851f done
Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures
STEP 2: RUN echo "hello world"
hello world
STEP 3: COMMIT
4c8794086d9de80f71d182457b6d2cb18b9d61975b98bcd4cb167bdcabae5b2c
4c8794086d9de80f71d182457b6d2cb18b9d61975b98bcd4cb167bdcabae5b2c
  • 查看编译的镜像
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podman images |grep shaowenchen
docker.io/shaowenchen/myimage   latest   4c8794086d9d   4 minutes ago   1.46 MB
  • 登录 DockerHub
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podman login docker.io -u shaowenchen

Password:
Login Succeeded!
  • 推送镜像
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podman push docker.io/shaowenchen/myimage:latest

Getting image source signatures

Copying blob 2893437c336c done
Copying blob 84009204da3f done
Copying config 4c8794086d done
Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures

4. Jenkns 中使用 Podman 构建镜像

4.1 关键配置

  • 使用 hostPath 将 /var/lib/containers 挂载到主机上

也可以使用 PVC,但是 PVC 可能需要加参数,见下文。

否则会有如下报错:

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Error: 'overlay' is not supported over overlayfs, a mount_program is required: backing file system is unsupported for this graph driver
  • privileged 特权模式

否则会有如下报错:

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Error: kernel does not support overlay fs: 'overlay' is not supported over extfs at "/var/lib/containers/storage/overlay": backing file system is unsupported for this graph driver
  • Podman 参数 --cgroup-manager=cgroupfs

在使用 PVC 作为存储目录时, 需要考虑这项配置。内核通过 Cgroup Driver 隔离一组资源, 可选的参数有 cgroupfs 和 systemd, 需要与集群环境保持一致, 因为他们共用一个内核。我的测试环境使用的是 cgroupfs 。

否则会有如下报错:

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systemd cgroup flag passed, but systemd support for managing cgroups is not available
  • Podman 参数 --events-backend=file

这项配置通常不会 Block 执行流程,如果你想保持日志更加干净,可以添加。

否则会有如下报错:

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unable to write system event: "write unixgram @0011c->/run/systemd/journal/socket: sendmsg: no such file or directory

4.2 示例一: 在 Jenkinsfile 中显式使用 yaml 模板

这里将容器 /var/lib/containers 挂载到主机 /var/lib/containers 目录,也可以挂载到主机 /tmp 目录,并没有强制要求。主机目录只是提供一个存放数据的地方。

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pipeline {
  agent {
    kubernetes {
      yaml """
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
spec:
  containers:
  - name: centos
    image: centos:7
    command:
    - cat
    tty: true
    securityContext:
        privileged: true
    volumeMounts:
    - name: storage
      mountPath: /var/lib/containers
  volumes:
  - name: storage
    hostPath:
      path: /var/lib/containers
"""
   }}
   stages {
      stage('Hello') {
         steps {
            container('centos') {
              sh '''
              curl -L -o /etc/yum.repos.d/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.repo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable/CentOS_7/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.repo
              yum -y install podman
              echo -e 'FROM busybox\nRUN echo "hello world"' | podman --events-backend=file build -t docker.io/shaowenchen1/myimage:latest -
              podman --events-backend=file images |grep shaowenchen1
              '''
            }
         }
      }
   }
}

Jenkins 的执行日志:

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···
Dependency Updated:
  systemd.x86_64 0:219-78.el7_9.3      systemd-libs.x86_64 0:219-78.el7_9.3     

Complete!
+ podman --events-backend=file build -t docker.io/shaowenchen1/myimage:latest -
+ echo -e 'FROM busybox
RUN echo "hello world"'
STEP 1: FROM busybox
STEP 2: RUN echo "hello world"
--> Using cache 4c8794086d9de80f71d182457b6d2cb18b9d61975b98bcd4cb167bdcabae5b2c
STEP 3: COMMIT docker.io/shaowenchen1/myimage:latest
--> 4c8794086d9
4c8794086d9de80f71d182457b6d2cb18b9d61975b98bcd4cb167bdcabae5b2c
+ podman --events-backend=file images
+ grep shaowenchen1
docker.io/shaowenchen1/myimage  latest  4c8794086d9d  19 hours ago  1.46 MB

4.3 示例二: 使用 PVC 挂载 /var/lib/containers 目录

在使用 PVC 存储 Podman 数据时,需要提前准备好集群的存储。

  • 查看集群是否有默认的 StorageClass
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kubectl get sc

NAME                         PROVISIONER                                                RECLAIMPOLICY   VOLUMEBINDINGMODE      ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION   AGE
openebs-device               openebs.io/local                                           Delete          WaitForFirstConsumer   false                  19d
openebs-hostpath (default)   openebs.io/local                                           Delete          WaitForFirstConsumer   false                  19d
openebs-jiva-default         openebs.io/provisioner-iscsi                               Delete          Immediate              false                  19d
openebs-snapshot-promoter    volumesnapshot.external-storage.k8s.io/snapshot-promoter   Delete          Immediate              false                  19d
  • 为 Podman 创建一个 PVC

这里的 namespace 需要与 Jenkins 中动态 Agent 所在的 namespace 保持一致。

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cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: storage
  namespace: default
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 30Gi
EOF
  • 查看创建的 PVC
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kubectl -n default get pvc

NAME         STATUS    VOLUME                                     CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   
storage      Pending                                                                        openebs-hostpath   11s

由于使用的是 WaitForFirstConsumer 模式,需要等到有 Pod 使用 PVC 时,才会绑定 PV。

  • 创建 Jenkins 流水线执行
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pipeline {
  agent {
    kubernetes {
      yaml """
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
spec:
  containers:
  - name: centos
    image: centos:7
    command:
    - cat
    tty: true
    securityContext:
        privileged: true
    volumeMounts:
    - name: storage
      mountPath: /var/lib/containers
  volumes:
  - name: storage
    persistentVolumeClaim:
      claimName: storage
"""
   }}
   stages {
      stage('Hello') {
         steps {
            container('centos') {
              sh '''
              curl -L -o /etc/yum.repos.d/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.repo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable/CentOS_7/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.repo
              yum -y install podman
              echo -e 'FROM busybox\nRUN echo "hello world"' | podman --events-backend=file build -t docker.io/shaowenchen2/myimage:latest -
              podman --events-backend=file images |grep shaowenchen2
              '''
            }
         }
      }
   }
}

Jenkins 的执行日志:

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···
Dependency Updated:
  systemd.x86_64 0:219-78.el7_9.3      systemd-libs.x86_64 0:219-78.el7_9.3     

Complete!
+ echo -e 'FROM busybox
RUN echo "hello world"'
+ podman --events-backend=file build -t docker.io/shaowenchen2/myimage:latest -
STEP 1: FROM busybox
STEP 2: RUN echo "hello world"
--> Using cache f4676f5b5e47a78970f2d97f4a5b77423f381e9742faae06d8c1a2d93bdb27c2
STEP 3: COMMIT docker.io/shaowenchen2/myimage:latest
--> f4676f5b5e4
f4676f5b5e47a78970f2d97f4a5b77423f381e9742faae06d8c1a2d93bdb27c2
+ podman --events-backend=file images
+ grep shaowenchen2
docker.io/shaowenchen2/myimage  latest  f4676f5b5e47  2 hours ago  1.46 MB

5. 总结

本文主要提供了一种在非 Docker 驱动的 Kubernetes 集群中,进行 CICD 镜像构建的思路,使用 Podman 替换 Docker 。选择 Podman 的原因是, 其使用方式更贴近 Docker,而 Buildah 需要用户修改镜像编译指令,因为 Buildah 使用的是 buildah bud

在生产实践过程中,我们需要将 Podman 命令打包到 CI Agent 的基础镜像中。通过 alias docker=podman , 对基于 Docker 命令的流水线进行替换。

下面简单总结一下,使用 Podman 的要点:

  • 支持缓存。通过挂载 /var/lib/containers 目录,可以缓存镜像,并且可以根据业务划分到不同目录。
  • 与 Docker 无缝替换。如果有 hook 的地方,可以用户无感知地切换。
  • 更加通用。针对 OCI 标准实现,不依赖具体组件。
  • 特权模式。容器中运行 Podman 需要特权模式。容器套娃很难摆脱的运行模式。

6. 参考


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